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ISTANBUL — Syria’s government said Sunday that it had signed a “ceasefire and full integration” agreement with a powerful Kurdish-led militia that controlled large swaths of territory in the country’s northeast — a critical step, if the agreement is implemented, toward unifying a fractured Syria after years of civil war and the precipitous fall of its dictatorship.

There was no immediate statement on the agreement from the Kurdish-led group, the Syrian Democratic Forces, a longtime military ally of the United States in the battle against the extremist Islamic State militant group. In a post on X, Tom Barrack, the U.S. envoy to Syria, hailed the agreement while saying that the “challenging work of finalizing” its details “begins now.”

The announcement late Sunday came after a day of stunning battlefield developments, with Syrian state media saying that government forces, allied tribal fighters, and locals had captured key cities and towns that had been controlled for years by the SDF. Tensions between the government and the SDF had simmered for more than a year, since rebels led by Syria’s interim president Ahmed al-Sharaa toppled the dictatorship of former Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad in December 2024.

Sharaa has long insisted that the SDF, which over the past decade has claimed territory and declared autonomy in a large swath of northern and eastern Syria, integrate with the new Syrian government. But a March agreement between the two sides aimed at that goal was not implemented by its deadline, at the end of last year.

The ceasefire agreement Sunday called for the “full and immediate administrative and military” handover by the SDF to the government in three provinces, as well as the surrender of Syria’s border crossings and oil and gas fields, according to a text of the deal posted by the country’s information minister — conditions that seemed to spell the end of a Kurdish proto-state that had sprung up in the chaos of Syria’s 13-year civil war.

Before the announcement, clashes between government forces and the SDF pitted two of Syria’s most powerful armed groups against each other in a long-feared confrontation that posed a dilemma for the United States, which is allied with both.

Syria’s state-run SANA news agency reported Sunday that government forces had seized SDF-controlled territory in Tabqa, on the Euphrates River, a dividing line between the two forces and the site of Syria’s largest dam. The Syrian Ikhbariya news channel also reported that the SDF had been expelled from Raqqa city, after what it called a local uprising, and what it said were mass defections by SDF forces.

The city, it said, would be handed over to the Syrian government, amid reports that SDF fighters had also lost control of territory to local forces in the Deir al-Zour province, as well as several important oil fields there.

In a statement Saturday, U.S. Central Command said it was urging the Syrian government to “cease any offensive actions” between the city of Aleppo, in northern Syria and Tabqa — before Syrian media reported that government forces had taken Tabqa.

Beyond the statement, there was little sign Sunday that the Trump administration was intervening to protect its Kurdish allies, once its only Syrian partner against the Islamic State group. In recent months, though, the United States has touted Syrian government forces as a critical counterterrorism partner, as part of a broader vote of confidence in Sharaa’s government that has included the lifting of Assad-era sanctions against the country.

Sunday’s territorial losses, and the ceasefire agreement that followed, marked a stunning turn of fortune for the SDF, which received global recognition for its sacrifices fighting Islamic State militants after they seized control of large areas in Iraq and Syria beginning in 2014. The SDF received weapons and other support from the United States and remained a key ally, continuing to guard prisons holding Islamic State captives and their families.

Going forward, Syria’s government would assume “full legal and security responsibility” for the camps, Sunday’s ceasefire agreement said.

The clashes between the SDF and the government were the latest violent convulsions that have shaken the country since the fall of Assad. Since taking power, Sharaa, a former leader of a Sunni Islamist rebel faction that was once affiliated with al-Qaeda, has sent his forces to put down armed challengers in the south of the country, in the city of Sweida, and on its coast, in confrontations that have killed thousands of people.

There were signs that the government conducted its latest offensive against the SDF with more care, or at least tried to convey that sense. After days of armed clashes between SDF and government forces in the city of Aleppo and its surrounding areas this month, Sharaa issued a decree Friday recognizing Kurdish as a national language and granting citizenship to Kurds who lost their status in Syria more than 60 years ago, among other measures.

Analysts said the government, which had gained little trust from Syria’s minorities, would have to do more to dispel minority fears. “The fact is that apolitical Kurds in northern Syria are rightfully afraid of undisciplined government forces,” Dareen Khalifa, a senior adviser with the International Crisis Group, wrote on X, before the ceasefire was announced.

“They have seen what happened in Sweida and in the coast and cannot take chances with their lives. While this operation has been relatively restrained, it’s on Damascus to continue reassuring Kurds there’ll be no repeat of past disasters,” she wrote.

If the SDF autonomous region was seen as a haven by many Kurds, Arab-majority areas under the group’s control chafed under its rule, complaining of heavy-handed tactics by its fighters and forced recruitment into its armed cadres. And Turkey, Syria’s northern neighbor, viewed the SDF as a threat, because of its links to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, or PKK, which fought a long insurgency against the Turkish state.

Before the ceasefire was announced, the rapid and violent unraveling of the status quo was rattling some of Syria’s foreign backers. French President Emmanuel Macron, in a post Sunday on X, said he had spoken with Sharaa and expressed his “deep concern” at the Syrian government’s offensive.

“A permanent ceasefire is necessary, and an agreement must be reached on the integration of the Syrian Democratic Forces into the Syrian state, on the basis of the exchanges from last March. The unity and stability of Syria depend on it.”

It was late morning Wednesday and much of the Middle East and official Washington seemed certain President Donald Trump would launch punishing airstrikes against Iran, his second major use of American military power in as many weeks after the daring Delta Force raid into Venezuela to seize leader Nicolás Maduro and his wife.

Trump had not officially given the strike order, but his top security advisers expected him to imminently authorize one of the military options presented to him and were girding themselves for a late night.

The Pentagon advertised that a guided-missile destroyer, the USS Roosevelt, had entered the Persian Gulf. Allies had been alerted that a U.S. strike was likely, according to a person familiar with the matter, and ships and planes were on the move. Personnel at the sprawling al-Udeid U.S. air base in Qatar were advised to evacuate to avoid an expected Iranian counterstrike.

“HELP IS ON ITS WAY,” Trump had promised Iranian protesters, encouraging them in a social media post Tuesday morning to “take over” regime institutions. While many U.S. and foreign officials took that to mean the United States would intervene militarily, Trump remained open to help in the form of pressuring Iran to stop killing demonstrators.

The key moment came Wednesday, when Trump received word through envoy Steve Witkoff that Iran’s government canceled the planned executions of 800 people, according to a senior U.S. official. “We’re going to watch and see,” Trump then told reporters in the Oval Office. On Thursday, U.S. intelligence confirmed the executions didn’t happen, the official said.

Trump’s rapid evolution midweek, which left many of his advisers feeling whiplashed and Iranian dissidents feeling abandoned, reflected intense domestic and foreign pressures, according to interviews with more than a dozen current and former U.S. and Middle Eastern officials, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to describe sensitive diplomatic conversations and ongoing military preparations.

The president came face to face with the unpredictability of potentially destabilizing another Middle Eastern country and the limitations of even the vast American military machine, several of them said. Having deployed an aircraft carrier strike group and an accompanying armada to the Caribbean on Trump’s orders, Pentagon officials worried that there was less U.S. firepower in the Middle East than would be ideal to repulse what was expected to be a major Iranian counterstrike.

Israel shared that concern, having expended vast numbers of interceptor rockets against incoming Iranian missiles during their 12-day war in June, one current and one former U.S. official said.

Key U.S. allies, including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Egypt, contacted the White House to urge restraint and diplomacy, a senior Arab diplomat and a gulf official said. Those Sunni Muslim-majority nations have long felt threatened by Shiite-majority Iran, but they fear spasms of instability across their region even more.

Perhaps most of all, several officials said, Trump realized that Iran strikes would be messy and might bring possible economic convulsions, wider warfare, and threats to the 30,000 U.S. troops in the Middle East — not like the “one and done” operations he has ordered to destroy alleged drug boats and seize Maduro, target Islamic State fighters in Syria, or damage Iran’s nuclear program.

“He wants [operations like] Venezuela,” said a former U.S. official briefed on the decision-making. “This was going to be messier.”

The Iranian protests, the largest in the Islamic republic’s 46-year history, appear to have subsided for now in the face of a violent government crackdown that human rights groups estimate has killed more than 3,000 people. A true accounting of the toll is difficult, as Tehran maintains a total shutdown of internet and telecommunications.

“The regime looks to have dodged a bullet,” said a senior European official in direct contact with Iranian leadership. But Iranians who risked going out in the streets to demonstrate are furious with Trump’s step-back, he said. They “feel betrayed and are utterly devastated.”

While a strike appears off for now, Trump and his senior advisers are keeping their options open — and possibly buying time — as the USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrier strike group is dispatched to the Middle East, two officials said. The Lincoln was in the South China Sea on Friday, officials familiar with the matter said, putting it more than a week away from the Middle East.

“Nobody knows what President Trump will do with respect to Iran besides the President himself,” White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said in a statement. “The President has smartly kept many options on the table and as always, he will make decisions in the best interest of America and the world.”

‘A cost-benefit analysis’

Inside the White House, Trump was receiving conflicting advice.

Vice President JD Vance, who has long been skeptical of foreign entanglements, supported strikes on Iran, a U.S. official and a person close to the White House said. Vance reasoned that Trump had drawn a red line by warning Iran not to kill protesters and had to enforce it, the person close to the White House said.

In the Oval Office on Tuesday evening, CIA Director John Ratcliffe, an Iran hawk, used a secure iPad reserved for presidential intelligence briefings to show Trump clandestinely acquired videos of regime violence against Iranian protesters and bodies in the streets, the former official briefed on the decision-making said. Emotive images have swayed Trump in past crises: Disturbing images of a Syrian chemical weapons attack on its own people in 2017 moved Trump to order missile strikes.

The CIA had been tasked with collecting intelligence on the violence, though it is unclear whether Ratcliffe offered his views on military strikes.

Other Trump advisers urged caution, including Witkoff and Chief of Staff Susie Wiles, the person close to the White House said. Witkoff in particular had heard directly the concerns of Arab allies in the region and wanted to avoid another round of tit-for-tat violence, said a senior U.S. official. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent argued for waiting and letting economic sanctions on Iran work, another person said.

Gen. Dan Caine, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and a trusted Trump adviser, was at the White House throughout the day, a person familiar with the matter said.

Trump was given presentations by the Defense Department and U.S. intelligence agencies of his available attack options. But he determined that the benefit was not there and that the consequences were too great, an individual close to the Trump administration said.

“Would a strike have resulted in regime change? The answer is clearly ‘no,’” this individual said. “The negative impact of any attack outweighed any benefit in terms of punishing the regime. And I mean, at the end of the day it’s a cost-benefit analysis.”

Iran had become aware that the United States was moving military assets, making a strike look imminent. Tehran contacted the Trump administration. A text from Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi to Witkoff “kind of also defused the situation,” according to the individual.

Soon after learning of that message, Trump told reporters in the Oval Office that he learned the killings would stop, according to a U.S. official. “I greatly respect the fact that they canceled,” Trump said Friday as he prepared to leave the White House for his Mar-a-Lago estate.

Tens of thousands of demonstrators have been arrested and are in Iranian prisons, which human rights groups say are known for torture and other abuses.

The message: ‘Avoid military action’

Iran wasn’t the only concerned country to urgently communicate with the White House.

Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and other Arab allies united to urge Trump to maintain his diplomatic options with Iran, said the senior Arab diplomat and gulf official.

“The message to Washington is to avoid military action,” the gulf official said. “Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, and Egypt were on the same page in the sense that there will be consequences for the wider region in terms of security and the economy as well, which will ultimately impact the U.S.”

Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the country’s de facto leader, spoke to Trump by phone during the week to plead his case, according to a Saudi diplomat and a U.S. official. Salman and the leaders of other U.S. allies in the Middle East were concerned about how Iran would retaliate in the event of U.S. strikes.

Iran had begun warning gulf states that its retaliation would not be as calibrated as it had been after the U.S. attack on its nuclear facilities in June, when Iran telegraphed its intentions and then lobbed roughly a dozen missiles at the Al-Udeid Air Base, according to multiple officials. There were also concerns that Iran’s proxies, including Hezbollah, could launch their own attacks, which would pose a more serious risk without an American aircraft carrier strike group in the region.

Israel wasn’t ready either, particularly without a large supporting U.S. naval presence. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had launched a massive military and intelligence operation against Iran’s nuclear facilities and scientists in June, called Trump on Wednesday and asked him not to strike because Israel was not fully prepared to defend itself, the person close to the White House said. The leaders spoke twice, a U.S. official said.

A key factor contributing to Israel’s vulnerability was the absence of major U.S. military assets, which Israel has relied on increasingly to shoot down retaliatory strikes from Iran in exchanges between the two nations over the past 21 months, a U.S. official said. The U.S. support has come at a rising cost to Washington’s stockpile of interceptors, the official said.

Throughout Wednesday, Washington’s Arab allies were unsure whether their overtures would succeed. But a factor in their favor was Trump’s uncertainty that the military options in front of him would have a decisive and predictable outcome, and wouldn’t result in problematic consequences for the region — or his own sterling track record of using U.S. military power quickly and cleanly, the senior Arab diplomat said.

The diplomatic lobbying encouraged Trump to stand down, according to a Saudi diplomat, two European officials, and an individual briefed on the matter.

At the Pentagon on Wednesday, aides to senior leaders were prepared to stay late into the night in anticipation of U.S. strikes. Around 3:30 p.m., they got word they could go home as normal.

Vance ultimately agreed with the president’s decision to hold off, a person familiar with the process said.

The president will have another opportunity to sign off on strikes against Iran in the next two to three weeks, when U.S. assets headed toward the region will be in place, helping allay Israel’s concerns about its own protection, officials said.

The threat level is not expected to subside soon: The U.S. military’s Central Command has been directed to plan staffing for 24/7 high-level support “for the next month,” a person monitoring the situation told the Washington Post.

White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt told CBS News to air an interview with President Donald Trump in full or face a lawsuit, according to an audio recording of the exchange reviewed by the Washington Post.

“He said, make sure you guys don’t cut the tape. Make sure the interview is out in full,” Leavitt told new CBS Evening News anchor Tony Dokoupil, relaying a message from the president ahead of the interview last week. “He said, if it’s not out in full, we’ll sue your ass off.”

Dokoupil responded with levity: “He always says that!”

The New York Times first reported on the exchange. The White House did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

“The moment we booked this interview we made the independent decision to air it unedited and in its entirety,” a CBS spokesperson wrote in a statement.

Before winning reelection in 2024, Trump sued CBS News for its editing of a 60 Minutes interview with Kamala Harris, then the vice president and Trump’s rival in the election. Trump’s lawsuit said the edited version was intended to “confuse, deceive, and mislead the public” and deliver the Nov. 5 election to Harris. CBS maintained that Harris’ answer was edited for time considerations only, a long-standing practice in television, just as space considerations come into play for other media outlets. In July, CBS settled the lawsuit out of court for $16 million.

Later in the summer, CBS News’ parent company, Paramount, was purchased by Skydance, whose CEO, David Ellison, is the son of billionaire Trump ally and Oracle co-founder Larry Ellison. In October, the Paramount Skydance chief executive arranged the joint company’s purchase of the conservative opinion website the Free Press, run by former New York Times columnist Bari Weiss, and installed Weiss as editor in chief of CBS News, reporting directly to him.

Weiss’s early tenure has been marked by layoffs and consternation among staffers about their new leader’s direction, story ideas, and deference to the government. In December, Weiss faced staff blowback at 60 Minutes for shelving a segment on the El Salvador prison CECOT because the production team was unable to secure an on-camera interview with an administration official.

Dokoupil, who became the anchor of CBS’s storied evening news program earlier this month, has made a point of taking a different tack on the air, saying “People do not trust us like they used to.”

Trump has expressed criticism of CBS News since it came under the new owners and Weiss’ editorship began. “THEY ARE NO BETTER THAN THE OLD OWNERSHIP, who just paid me millions of Dollars for FAKE REPORTING about your favorite President, ME!” Trump wrote on Truth Social in December. “Since they bought it, 60 Minutes has actually gotten WORSE!”